Lead exposure: Knowledge of the effects on the ovaries and its impact on female reproductive health

Abstract

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal of industrial importance; its presence continues to be a risk in the environment. The concentrations of this metal exceed the limits established by government agencies, representing a menace to the health of the population, mainly in developing countries. Pb affects several systems, including the reproductive system. In this work, research on its toxic effects of Pb on the ovaries is reviewed, addressing studies carried out in vivo and in vitro in mammals, mainly rats, mice and humans from 2000 to 2020. Among the main findings are the modification of the cellular REDOX balance, separation of granulosa cells that conform the follicle, and increased follicular atresia, among others, which consequently alter the reproductive process. Further interdisciplinary studies will help improve the understanding of the mechanisms of action of Pb in the ovary, as well as the risk it represents for female reproductive health.